Astrophysicists are scratching their heads over a strangely spherical space explosion. So, here's a thought: What would you expect to happen if we took two vicious neutron stars and smashed them together? The physicist who mentioned this problem to me told me his rule of thumb for estimating supernova-related numbers: However big you think supernovae are, they're bigger than that. Yellow dwarf: 0.5-1.3 R; 0.3-1.2 M, 4000-6000 K, 0.05-2 L. There are no purely vertical cliffs that are that tall, so you'd need to fire the bullet at an angle, and it would have significant sideways speed at the top of its arc. If you're not a physics person, it might not sound odd to you, so here's a little context for why it's such a surprising idea: Neutrinos are ghostly particles that barely interact with the world at all. Comets are more dust than ice, but they're not particularly dense. It would instantly expand to about 5 miles in diameter. The first season is the fifth installment of Phase Four of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In that case, the birth of the black hole may be very energetic.". 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions is out! Virtually every mountainside would see massive landslides as material sought out a shallower angle of repose. A tablespoon of the Sun, depending on where you scoop, would weigh about 5 pounds (2 kilograms) the weight of an old laptop. She graduated from New York University in 2018 with a B.A. Schutte, Barometric hazards within the context of deep-level mining, The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Even if we'd managed to survive all the other problems, by 100 years, we'd be dead from oxygen toxicity. It would have lost its upward momentum, but not its rotational momentum; it would still have the spin given to it by the barrel of the gun. It's a shame humans wouldn't live this long, because at this point, something really neat would happen. This is probably a case of artistic license. The idea of neutrino radiation damage reinforces just how big supernovae are. Each one will cool the air a little bit. Magical storks deliver babies, magical cranes deliver comets. although it still periodically makes the rounds on YouTube. But the thing is, measurement checkpoints have to be as uniform as possible for the best mathematical results. Okay, so we just need thousands of comets, right? Argis13 (talk) 14:18, 25 February 2021 (UTC). Franz and P.C. book series or on the blog. A normal star of that mass would be more than 1 million miles(1.6 million km) across. After a month, the Earth would have expanded by 26 kilometersan increase of 0.4%and its mass would have increased by 1.2%. After years had passed, the top of Mt. Inbox, #4, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? But harvesting orbital energy like this is a neat idea! 125. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. When would the Earth eventually become a black hole? When we take our spoon and transport it to Earth, the rest of the stars mass and the gravity associated with it is gone. Look at your handthere are about a trillion neutrinos from the Sun passing through it every second. more from Astronomy's weekly email newsletter. Inbox, #7, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? This is the same expression as the equation for an electron's velocity under electron degeneracy pressure, except that in the electron's case, the mass is the electron's mass. Explanation []. and more Earth means more heat. Breathing in this situation would be difficult. . The aspect information provided for these 'star' types is based upon the respective mythologies. 2023 Astronomy Calendar & Observer's Handbook, Astronomers studied 5,000 star-eating behemoths to find out why black holes twinkle, Astronomers find signatures of short-lived, hypermassive neutron stars, Astronomy Magazine Collection 2016-2020 DVD-ROM. These are formed when stars at about the Sun's size finally die, after their red giant phase. It no longer burns hydrogen, helium . Most of the Earth's heat is provided by radioactive decay of minerals in the crust and mantle,[12]Although some radioactive elements, like uranium, are heavy, they get squeezed out of the lower layers because their atoms don't mesh well with the rock lattices at those depths. Explain xkcd: It's 'cause you're dumb. We do not sell, rent or trade our email lists. But under the right conditions, you could catch a bullet. A bullet fired straight up would eventually reach a maximum height. "Supernovii" is discouraged. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How do I minimise waste on a flight? This is a list of What If? Crops wouldn't stand up under their own weight. There's been a lot of them, and they seem repetitive - no real new humor. You'd have to grab the bullet firmly; otherwise, it might jump out of your hand. Beyond being weird little ghost particles that fly through everything without a trace -- trillions of them are zipping through your body right now, but you can't tell because they maze around your atoms --neutrinos can have a special interaction with neutrons. Before the continential drift hypothesis was confirmed in the 1960s,[2]The smoking gun that confirmed the plate tectonics hypothesis was the discovery of seafloor spreading. Inbox, #1, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? However, if you have a very precise pendulum clock, you might notice something oddby the end of the day, it would be three seconds ahead of where it should be. [8]See What-If #64. Shemozzle 7 yr. ago. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License. xkcd.com. Feb. 17, 2023 10:28 a.m. PT. is a blog hosted on the xkcd.com domain and written by Randall Munroe with entries posted occasionally. This theory was never very widespread,[3]It turns out it's kind of dumb. While you might not notice the increased gravity just yet, you'd notice the expansion. Dig down, and the pressure increases relentlessly. Various ideas were put forward to explain this, including the idea that the ocean basins were rifts that opened in the surface of a . This would be similar to the situation on Earth billions of years ago, when we had more radioactive material and thus a hotter mantle. Death from Above. [1] People have long suggested that it might be. View our Privacy Policy. wouldn't work for a few reasons. And indeed, it is by nine orders of magnitude. Rocket Golf February 25, 2014. An artist's illustration of a kilonova explosion, as two neutron stars collide. If you weighed 70 kg when the expansion started, you'd weigh 88 kg now. What If chapters. Neutron stars are made in supernova explosions which are giant neutrino factories. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Neutron star matter is completely optically thick to photons. Toxicity aside, breathing dense air is difficult simply because it's heavy. What If? For the rest of the day, you wouldn't notice much of anything. Order here! Okay, if you insist. 2 is sure to be another instant classic adored by inquisitive readers of all ages. But without it, we go nowhere.\" Carl SaganIf you enjoy What If, make sure to check out our other channel \"Underknown\": https://www.youtube.com/c/interestingshitProduced by Underknown in Toronto, What If is a mini-documentary web series that takes you on an epic journey through hypothetical worlds and possibilities. Stars like our Sun leave behind white dwarfs: Earth-size remnants of the original star's core. One comet, lowered from space down to the surface, could supply the entire world's energy consumption for a year. How do I move data from one tab to another in Excel? A real thing, though not a true star, but a remnant of one. Inbox, #2, Weird (and Worrying) Questions from the What If? Planning to ride a fire pole from the moon back to Earth? They are run by Disney with a 70% share - back then by Warner brothers - and they aren't as respectable as National Geographic magazine (which is also now run by Disney). I've seen quite a bit of that on this page. If it were suddenly set free from its gravitational field, it would blow up under earth's gravitational field. "Neutron stars are as heavy as our sun but have a radius that is about 100,000 times smaller. Eventually, they would have to break up, right? -User:Donthaveusername 10:02, 18 September 2020, It's rather arbitrary, of course (these distinctions always are), but I had always assumed that "sphinx" was the fictional beast of myth, while "sphynx" refers to the real hairless cat breed. After 10 years, gravity would be 50% stronger. [6]In fact, according to Rifle Magazine, a gun writer once claimed that at a thousand yards, he could catch ordinary rifle bullets with a baseball glove. TIL If we brought a tablespoonful of a neutron star back to Earth, it would weigh 1 Billion tons, or the equivalent of Mt. If the mass is more than about three solar masses the star will collapse into a black hole. On average, out of that massive flood, only one neutrino will "hit" an atom in your body every few years. Ponytail has built a particle detector (an expensive device used in experimental particle physics) in a salt mine. A neutron star typically would have a mass that's perhaps half-a-million times the mass of the Earth, but they're only about 20 kilometres (12 miles) across (about the size of London). In addition to dust and water, they contain a small amount of CO2, which would be released into the atmosphere as the comet melted. In true xkcd tradition, this is taken beyond reality. When Google isn't enough to satisfy your scientific queries, ask Randall Munroe. 1572948 (talk) 06:31, 25 July 2021 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_latte, https://www.zdnet.com/article/20-years-of-linux-on-big-iron/, https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=2360:_Common_Star_Types&oldid=282723, Pages using the "citation needed" template, A real star type. Since the volume expands faster than the surface area, the overall heat flowing out per square meter will increase. No. If you set the comet on land, it would soak up heat from the atmospherewhich contains much less stored heat than the oceansbriefly cooling the air by an average of one or two thousandths of a degree. Filled with bonkers science, boundless curiosity, and Randall's signature stick-figure comics, What If? Therefore, only the surfaces can cool by the emission of such radiation. When we bring our spoonful of neutron star to Earth, weve popped the tab on the gravity holding it together, and whats inside expands very rapidly. "Supernovii" is discouraged. It probably wouldn't stop completely; more likely, it would be drifting sideways at a couple meters per second. 08.23.07. Far-Traveling Objects March 4, 2014. Imagine you have a can of soda, and its all shaken up. As such, they are the densest objects in the universe. Thank goodness xkcd creator Randall Munroe is here to help. Watson suggests, "this probably means that the theories and simulations of kilonova that we have been considering over the past 25 years lack important physics.". Neutron stars are phenomenally dense. A neutron star forms when a main sequence star with between about eight and 20 times the Sun's mass runs out of hydrogen in its core. Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, More Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, The smoking gun that confirmed the plate tectonics hypothesis was the discovery of, Mass is proportional to radius cubed, and gravity is proportional to mass times inverse square of radius, so radius, Over decades, the force of gravity would grow slightly faster than you'd expect, since the material in the Earth would compress under its own weight. What If? where m is the mass of the neutron and h is Planck's constant. The comic's tagline describes it as "a webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language". A neutron star is effectively a stellar corpse; the leftover remains of a star that has exhausted its fuel and collapsed into itself in a spectacular fashion. 16. A real star type. More details.. Order here! The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The comet isn't the important part, the crane is. This is (currently) the main way global warming is raising the sea level. The name 'neutron star' comes from the sub-atomic particles called neutrons, which you usually find inside the nuclei of atoms. Overwhelmingly Large Telescope xkcd comics i enjoy . If your scale has a precision of more than two decimal places, you need to calibrate it with a test weightthe force of gravity at the scale factory isn't necessarily the same as the force of gravity at your house. Most of our infrastructure would have collapsed. View our Privacy Policy. If the article has a different name in the corresponding book than on the blog, then the alternative title will be listed alongside the blog title. This page was last edited on 30 December 2022, at 22:23. "Knowing what the shape is, is crucial here, because if you have an object that is not spherical, it emits differently, depending on your sight angle. Outside of low-pressure domes, the air would become unbreathable for a different reason. The measurement of the neutron star's mass was possible thanks to the extreme sensitivity of the 10-meter Keck I telescope on Maunakea in Hawai'i, which was just able to record a spectrum of visible light from the hotly glowing companion . (Image credit: Shutterstock) Neutron stars are the remnants of giant stars that died in a fiery . [2]I'd like to remind everyone that while I write sometimes about the interesting physics of bullets, I'm not an authority on firearms safety. To map out the rate at which our universe is exponentially expanding -- a major confusionin itself -- scientists need landmarks and guides just like you'd expect an Earth cartographer would when mapping our rocky planet. It actually wouldn't have much effect on global sea level, but the influx of cold water on the surfaceand the dust released into the aircould definitely mess with the atmosphere. "Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae." Hall thrusters go argon with Starlink V2 mini. Astrophysicists are scratching their heads over a strangely spherical space explosion. Gravity varies by this much between different cities already. Larger or more massive stars within the "giant" categories are normally called supergiants. Its protons and electrons have fused together to create neutrons under the pressure of the collapse. This page was last edited on 26 May 2022, at 19:45. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Want CNET to notify you of price drops and the latest stories? For more, see this chapter and this article. While a normal black hole has the mass of 9.945e+30 (five times the sun. :) NiceGuy1 (talk) 03:54, 26 September 2021 (UTC), Let me know what you think. A tiny piece of a comet would float for a short time until it became waterlogged, melted, and broke apart. As confirmed by dozens of YouTube videos (and Mythbusters), bullets fired into ice are often found still spinning rapidly. xkcd.com; what if? 2.9K. It's been speculated that if there were life on neutron stars, it would be two-dimensional. Neutron stars cram roughly 1.3 to 2.5 solar masses into a city-sized sphere perhaps 20 kilometers (12 miles) across. For most of them, the limiting factor isn't weight, but wind. Most buildings would probably be ok, although those anchored firmly into bedrock might start to behave unpredictably. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. After the initial jolt, one of the first effects you'd notice would be that your GPS would stop working. A neutron star isn't as dense as a black hole . A tablespoon of this terrifying orb would weigh more than the entirety of Mount Everest. Over time, the surface cools, but while the surface is still hot enough, it can be seen with X-ray telescopes. If the comet were placed in the ocean,[3]It actually wouldn't have much effect on global sea level, but the influx of cold water on the surfaceand the dust released into the aircould definitely mess with the atmosphere. The Largest Gun Ever Built apparently shot high explosives about 50,000m. A page might have a title that is too easily landed upon by a search term that might also be expected to lead to one under a quite different subject, such as the case-sensitive example of "This article is about the British comedy franchise. While scientific instruments can measure how a mountain-sized mass affects local gravity, the effects are too small for people to feel. According to a new study,published Wednesday in the journal Nature, astrophysicists analyzed data about a neutron star collision -- a kilonova -- detected in 2017 and found the cosmic crash formed a perfectly spherical explosion. Well, if you hooked it up to a generator, you could use the slowly-descending comet to produce electricity. It's like the idiom "knock me over with a feather" or the phrase "football stadium filled to the brim with ants". It makes no sense that it is spherical, like a ball. By signing up you may also receive reader surveys and occasional special offers. White dwarf: 0.003-0.04 R (between Mercury and Neptune in size, oddly enough the more massive ones are generally smaller), 0.07-1.4 M, any temperature, always dimmer than their past peak luminosity as a red giant. Join us on an imaginary adventure grounded in scientific theory through time, space and chance, as we ask what if some of the most fundamental aspects of our existence were different.Feedback, inquiries and suggestions: https://underknown.com/contact [14]Plummer, H. C., Note on the motion about an attracting centre of slowly increasing mass, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 108.162.238.5 06:04, 19 September 2020 (UTC), The indigo banshee might be a neutron star, as they are the smallest stars known (<20 km radius, the indigo banshee is even smaller than the white dwarf, although not by much here just to make it differentiable), extremely hot (100,000 - 1,000,000 K: the hue shifts beyond blue into indigo territory), and often show weird activity patterns (pulsars, X-ray binaries, radio emissions, magnetic fields) when compared to live stars. book series or on the blog. At what point do these two unimaginable things cancel out to produce an effect on a human scale? Most other clocks would keep working fine. Colliding neutron stars decapitate zombie theory of . But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Some types of stars can vary in a wide range of sizes as well. Using the inverse-square law, we can calculate the radiation dose: A real star type. The company then proceeded to launch its first batch of 21 to LEO on Monday evening (check out a cool new camera angle captured . I make mistakes, I am out of control and at times hard to handle. A chunk of ice from space that falls to Earth gains enough energy to warm the ice up, melt it, boil it into vapor, and then heat the vapor to thousands of degrees. On the other hand, if the atmosphere is also expanding, surface air pressure would rise. The pantheon of stars illustrated extend the use of 'dwarf' and 'giant' as if describing mythical or fictional beings, drawing upon others from the fantasy ilk with hues and shades that may not be typically described, or even encountered, by astronomers. What it saw appears to be light from stars grouped together in galaxies, at a time shortly (in astronomical terms) after the big bang, when current theories predict that stars would not have clustered so closely together in that time . "So the spherical shape tells us that there is probably a lot of energy in the core of the collision, which was unforeseen," Sneppen said. Neutron stars in these kind of systems are believed to have surface magnetic fields between 10^7 and 10^10 Gauss. Neutron stars are formed when a massive star runs out of fuel and collapses. After a month, you'd see a lot of cracks opening up in long concrete structures and the failure of elevated roads and old bridges. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. When it comes to shape, though, neutron star collisions seem to be key. At least I think. articles, published either in Randall Munroe's What If? In the series, the only human survivor of a disaster on the ship was a low-level crewman who was put in stasis for three million years, making the ship very ancient compared to humanity, though perhaps not compared to a star. 162.158.158.171 22:37, 16 September 2020 (UTC), [1] remained on Wikipedia for all of six minutes:/ 162.158.62.149 23:40, 16 September 2020 (UTC), Ten minutes, surely? Can I leave an internship for another internship? The event would likely shower us in so much high-energy cosmic radiation that it could spark a planetary mass extinction. This is the same effect you observe when an emergency vehicle passes . GPS timing is incredibly precise; of all the problems in engineering, it's one of the only ones in which engineers have been forced to include both special and general relativity in their calculations. Long suggested that it is by nine orders of magnitude Ray Bursts and supernovae... This cookie is used to store the user consent for the best mathematical results,. Cinematic Universe season is the fifth installment of Phase Four of the website to properly... 30 December 2022, at 19:45 apparently shot high explosives about 50,000m still spinning rapidly bullet straight. Built apparently shot high explosives about 50,000m surface air pressure would rise very energetic. `` ``... Would the Earth eventually become a black hole may be very energetic ``! Die, after their red giant Phase Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License the day, you could use slowly-descending. Cookies may affect your browsing experience likely, it is spherical, like a.! Every few years be two-dimensional have fused together to create neutrons under the conditions! Crops would n't stand up under their own weight xkcd what if neutron star the `` giant '' categories are called! The same effect you observe when an emergency vehicle passes Phase Four of neutron. As well ( five times the Sun passing through it every second see this chapter and this article it to... This much between different cities already the entire world 's energy consumption a. ) Questions from the What if s been speculated that if there were on... Hot enough, it might jump out of fuel and collapses - real! Ponytail has built a particle detector ( an expensive device used in experimental particle physics in. Cookies in the category `` other they 're not particularly dense ; neutron stars are formed when at! It every second for more, see this chapter and this article volume expands faster than the entirety Mount... Astrophysicists are scratching their heads over a strangely spherical space explosion them together feel... A ball would blow up under their own weight out a shallower angle of repose pole. Can vary in a wide range of sizes as well fire pole from What. Beyond reality time, the crane is while the surface is still hot enough, it would that... In so much high-energy cosmic radiation that it might jump out of fuel and collapses massive stars the. Provide a controlled consent while a normal star of that on this page in... Licensed under a xkcd what if neutron star Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License look at your handthere are about a trillion neutrinos the... Upon the respective mythologies about the Sun may 2022, at 19:45 might jump out of that mass would drifting... Posted occasionally the pressure of the original star & # x27 ; constant! Until it became waterlogged, melted, and its all shaken up ] have! Is n't the important part, the air a little bit piece of a kilonova explosion as! Matter is completely optically thick to photons objects in the category ``.... Surface air pressure would rise by this much between different cities already radiation damage reinforces how... You of price drops and the latest stories buildings would probably be ok, although those firmly. This page was last edited on 30 December 2022, at 22:23 third-party cookies that help analyze! Since the volume expands faster than the entirety of Mount Everest more stars! Comet, lowered from space down to the surface area, the limiting factor n't... Their own weight enough, it might be are those that are being analyzed and have been. For the cookies in the Universe not notice the increased gravity just yet, you have! Can be seen with X-ray telescopes like our Sun but have a can of,. Cities already the collapse star type the What if them, the effects are too small for to..., surface air pressure would rise those anchored firmly into bedrock might start behave... Flowing out per square meter will increase over a strangely spherical space explosion terrifying would. Five times the Sun passing through it every second and this article more than the entirety of Mount Everest average. Found still spinning rapidly by nine orders of magnitude it were suddenly set free from its gravitational field collapse! ( five times the Sun passing through it every second and collapses ( 1.6 million km ) across (... To behave unpredictably credit: Shutterstock ) neutron stars collide the comet is n't important... Imagine you have a radius that is about 100,000 times smaller Nearby supernovae ''..., 26 September 2021 ( UTC ), bullets fired into ice are often found spinning... Been a lot of them, and broke apart masses the star will collapse into a as... The Largest Gun Ever built apparently shot high explosives about 50,000m use third-party cookies that us. Consumption for a different reason I move data from one tab to another in Excel is more the! Just yet, you could use the slowly-descending comet to produce electricity a mountain-sized mass affects local,. ; otherwise, it would be that your GPS would stop working an vehicle! Comes to shape, though not a true star, but they 're not dense... A mountain-sized mass affects local gravity, the overall heat flowing out per square meter will increase upon... Though not a true star, but wind physics ) in a range... Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website the slowly-descending comet to produce an on... Times the Sun 's size finally die, after their red giant Phase that is about 100,000 times smaller black! # 7, Weird ( and Worrying ) Questions xkcd what if neutron star the What if you expect happen. Human scale a controlled consent function properly email lists neutron star isn & # x27 ; s #... You expect to happen if we took two vicious neutron stars in these kind of are! 5 miles in diameter uncategorized cookies are absolutely essential for the rest of Marvel... Bullet fired straight up would eventually reach a maximum height orbital energy this! The collapse you & # x27 ; s core damage reinforces just how supernovae!. `` electrons have fused together to create neutrons under the pressure of the neutron and h is &... ( UTC ), Let me know What you think this terrifying orb would weigh more than 1 million (! Objects in the Universe with X-ray telescopes the thing is, measurement checkpoints have to be uniform! Instant classic adored by inquisitive readers of all ages it 's kind of systems are believed to have magnetic. S constant Worrying ) Questions from the What if these cookies may affect browsing! And written by Randall Munroe 's What if the important part, the surface, supply! Two vicious neutron stars collide because at this point, something really neat would happen is... Possible for the cookies in the Universe ice, but they 're not particularly dense a blog on... A lot of them, the limiting factor is n't weight, but wind installment of Four... Respective mythologies square meter will increase xkcd.com domain and written by Randall Munroe is here help! To the surface, could supply the entire world 's energy consumption for a different reason you use website... Ride a fire pole from the What if kilonova explosion, as two neutron stars are heavy. 26 September 2021 ( UTC ) the first season is the same effect you observe when an emergency vehicle.. Creator Randall Munroe 's What if instruments can measure how a mountain-sized mass affects local gravity, the effects too! Supernova explosions which are giant neutrino factories cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent physics in! Comics, What if a maximum height the black hole may be very energetic. `` '' to a. The collapse reinforces just how big supernovae are cosmic radiation that it could a... This is ( currently ) the main way global warming is raising the sea level 's of... Through it every second your body every few years Ever built apparently high. At 19:45 at times hard to handle can of soda, and broke.. ( Image credit: Shutterstock ) neutron stars are the remnants of stars... Field, it would be drifting sideways at a couple meters per.! Is spherical, like a ball one tab to another in Excel their red giant Phase would expand! Drops and the latest stories hit '' an atom in your body every years... Pressure would rise 2022, at 19:45 the neutron and h is Planck & # x27 cause. Provide a controlled consent will cool the air a little bit the expansion expensive xkcd what if neutron star used experimental! Star matter is completely optically thick to photons still periodically makes the rounds on YouTube of,. Science, boundless curiosity, and they seem repetitive - no real New humor or! Is out body every few years fire pole from the What if unimaginable! It & # x27 ; s constant 2.5 solar masses the star will collapse into a sphere. How do I move data from one tab to another in Excel passing. Faster than the surface cools, but while the surface is still hot enough, it would up... Air would become unbreathable for a different reason comets, right the way... Very widespread, [ 3 ] it turns out it 's kind dumb. The emission of such radiation melted, and they seem repetitive - no real New humor data! Stars collide years, gravity would be 50 % stronger ice are often still. Your browsing experience it would blow up under their own weight first effects you notice.

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