Braov/Kronstadt was more populous compared to Sibiu/Hermannstadt but historically the latter remained the most important town in Transylvania for the Transylvanian Saxons (as a well as a very important town for the Transylvanian Romanians). Nowadays, the vast majority of Transylvanian Saxons live in either Germany or Austria. Well known Transylvanian Saxon politicians and administrative leaders include Michael Wei (former mayor of Braov/Kronstadt), Klaus Johannis (current President of Romania and former mayor of Sibiu/Hermannstadt), Iancu Sasul (i.e. The colonization of Transylvania by Germans was begun by King Gza II of Hungary (11411162). z.B. Read about our approach to external linking. The official coat of arms of the town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt, with the water lily including the two swords therein. The Transylvanian Saxons represented one of the three nations that made up the Transylvanian feudal system. people-related (personal names linked in some form "son of" or They were subsequently allied with the Transylvanian Romanians and thus sided with the Austrian Empire in the context of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. job, eg. Johannes Benkner, former mayor of Braov/Kronstadt. The Saxons, long a commercially powerful force in Transylvania, were hit particularly hard. Obwohl die Deutungen nur genaue Ausknfte ber den It . The tracht looks like a garment from a bygone era, and, with the changes the Saxon community has faced over the past few decades, to some degree it is. Structured data. In Transylvania, there were around 300 fortified Saxon churches in the Middle Ages; now only half of them still stand. Romanian-language map depicting the total territorial extent of the Saxon lands/seats in southern, south-eastern, and north-eastern Transylvania. . As the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania was one of the most religiously tolerant states in Europe at the time, the Saxons were allowed to practice their own religion (meaning that they enjoyed religious autonomy). Saxon, member of a Germanic people who in ancient times lived in the area of modern Schleswig and along the Baltic coast. The rapid expansion of cities populated by the Saxons led to Transylvania being known in German as Siebenbrgen and Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis in Latin[d], referring to seven of the fortified towns (see Historical names of Transylvania), most likely: Other potential candidates for this list include: Other notable urban Saxon settlements include: In addition to fortifying their towns over the passing of time, the Transylvanian Saxons also had to fortify their villages by building their fortified churches (the Transylvanian Saxons were initially strongly Roman Catholic then Evangelical Lutheran after the Reformation). If you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newslettercalled "The Essential List". Transylvania County, North Carolina - Transylvania County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In the process of fortifying the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary to the east, they were early on helped by the Teutonic Knights. Transylvania and aristocracy - if these two words bring anything to mind beyond the long-gone centuries of the Principality of Transylvania, then it is perhaps The Transylvanian Trilogy by Mikls Bnffy, three volumes relating the history of the region . The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed. Prejmer is the largest fortified church in southeastern Europe and among the most impressive Saxon citadels. Paul Milata: Zwischen Hitler, Stalin and Antonescu. Over the next few centuries, they built seven fortress towns, known as the Siebenbrgen, and hundreds of fortified churches. In 1989, still 95,000 Saxons lived in Romania (approx. The territory colonized by Germans covered an area of about 30,000km2 (10,000 sq. Apply this search to the main name collection, the letters in the pattern are compared to the letters in the name, search for an exact phrase by surrounding it with double quotes, this field understands simple boolean logic, force a term to be included by preceding it with a, force a term to be excluded by preceding it with a, sounds can only be searched in names that have been assigned pronunciations, syllables can only be counted in names that have been assigned pronunciations, names without pronunciations are excluded from results. Lower part: the locator acts as the judge in the village. Lots has changed [in our community], Linzing said. Staats- oder Volksangehrigkeit). Alarmed by the knights' rapidly expanding power, in 1225 King Andrew II expelled the Teutonic Order from Transylvania permanently, which henceforth relocated to Prussia in 1226, although the colonists remained in Burzenland. 47. the "national church" of the Transylvanian Saxons (or the people's church of the Saxons). Use the drop-down list to select a specific part of the site. This, according to some scholars, is of ancient German origin. [41][42][43] About 15% of the Romanian ethnic Germans who served in the Waffen-SS died in the war, with only a few thousand survivors returning to Romania.[44]. [55] It is also important to note the fact that even proper names of some Transylvanian Saxon localities sound very similar to Luxembourgish (e.g. Typische Schsische Familiennamen - Typical Saxon Family Names, Mehr Siebenbrgische Familiennamen Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. This wave of settlement included exiled Protestants from Upper Austria (the Transylvanian Landlers namely), who were given land near Hermannstadt (Sibiu). Sibiu - the Cultural Capital of Transylvania and a fine example of 14th and 15th centuries urban planning. The Hungarians, on the other hand, supported complete unification of Transylvania with the rest of Hungary. The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Hungarian: Erdlyi szszok; Romanian: Sai) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (German: Siebenbrgen) from the 12th century onwards. Unterabteile des Websites kann man durch die Drop-Down-Liste We took our traditions from our parents and grandparents, she said. A vocabulary list of the Transylvanian Saxon dialect spoken in Zeiden (Codlea) presented by Gert-Werner Liess. . Transylvania in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The majority of them are still in very good to relatively good shape to this day, after further consolidation and renovation based on European funds or Norwegian grants (for example in Alma Vii or Laslea), but also based on foreign donations. The ruins of the Roman Catholic cathedral built by the Transylvanian Saxons in. Gert-Werner Liess lists a series of expressions used in the Zeiden dialect along with a standard German translation and an explanation of their meaning. The churches were positioned on high points overlooking the communities; stone structures punctuated with watchtowers and surrounded by high defensive stone walls. The surname Barbaneagra is composed of two words: "barba", which means beard, and "neagra", which is the Romanian form for "negru", meaning black. The familys old oak wine barrels, now empty, remain in the cool cellars, a room from which the family, many decades ago, distributed wine to local villagers. The surname is a Siebenburgen Saxon or Transylvanian Saxon specific surname. Bogdan. German borrowing of Jnos. View of Transylvanian fortified church in Archita village, Romania. Hochdeutsch), for example '' (or dumpfes a as it is known in standard German) which is pronounced as in Norwegian or Danish. After the fall of communism in 1989, around 90% of the Saxons who remained fled Transylvania within a few months. The song of Transylvania) is the regional anthem of the Transylvanian Saxon community as well as an unofficial regional hymn of Transylvania, praising the region as a land of blessings and great natural beauty. The church bells slowly toll and the smell of fresh roses permeates the air as 25 local Saxons, both young and old, file into the 14th-Century fortified church for Sunday morning prayers. curiosity factor. This 4-day tour takes you through the Carpathian Mountains and on to the Transylvanian plain as it shows you a legendary castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Village, a German fortified city and a former European Capital of Culture. For example, one of the traditions held was the "Neighborhood" (German: Nachbarschaften) in which many households formed a small supporting community. Because they are considered Auslandsdeutsche ("Germans from abroad") by the German government, the Saxons have the right to German citizenship under the law of return. Stanciu has a background in anthropology and cultural policy, but now specialises in a range of traditional crafts, while Herberth works as a carpenter and restorer and researches ancient craft techniques. These names don't occur in the Keintzel-Schn book, however they are They are still used in the Lativan diaspora. The Saxons first arrived in Romanias Transylvania region in the 12th Century, but over the past few decades the community has all but vanished from the region. As Hungarian subjects before World War I, German-speaking Transylvanian elites, predominantly Lutheran clergy and professionals, and known locally as the Literati,1 protected their cultural, political, and economic interests under [38] Historically, the town of Suceava has also been known in Old High German as Sedschopff. beschreiben oder auch ihre Persnlichkeit und Manierismen). In the centuries-old settlement, rows of typical old Saxon peasant houses pastel-coloured, lime-washed farmhouses with large, arched gates designed to allow the passing of hay-laden horse carts begin to tell the story of a forgotten people. Although they remained a rich and influential group, the Saxons were no longer a dominant class within Modern Age Transylvania. The ruins of the Roman Catholic cathedral at Baia as seen in autumn. After the fall of communism in 1989, around 90% of the Saxons who remained fled Transylvania within a few months. An Outline of Transsilvanian-Saxon History by Klaus Popa, MA (inglise keeles) The History of Transylvania and the Transylvania Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gndisch (inglise keeles) Transylvanian Saxon surnames (inglise keeles) Transylvanian placenames in different languages (saksa keeles) General site on the Transylvanian Saxons (saksa keeles) . They called Transylvania "Siebenbrg," meaning "seven towns," for their original seven settlements. Transylvanian Saxon intellectual Stephan Ludwig Roth also pleaded for a strengthening of the German element in Transylvania during the 19th century by means of more waves of settlers stemming from contemporary Germany while at the same time firstly supporting the rights of the ethnic Romanians. Famous Transylvanian Saxons include intellectuals Johannes Honterus, Christian Schesaeus, Johannes Sommer, Samuel von Brukenthal, Georg Maurer, Johann Bhm, or Stephan Ludwig Roth, composers such as Georg Meyndt and Carl Filtsch, visual artists such as Fritz Schullerus, Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim, or Friedrich Miess, scientists such as Hermann Oberth and Conrad Haas, or sportsmen such as Michael Klein, Mora Windt-Martini, or Otto Tellmann. Saxons who had fought on behalf of the Third Reich were often left marooned in Germany and unwanted by the new authorities in . The Transylvanian-Saxons or simply "Saxons," were ethnic Germans who had been invited to Transylvania in the 12th century by the Hungarian king, Geza II. On a scorching summer day in the Transylvanian village of apu (Abtsdorf an der Kokel in German), Doris-Evelyn Zakel is busy collecting pears from an old tree in the courtyard of her great aunts traditional Saxon home. In these regards, the Transylvanian Saxon cuisine can be regarded as quintessentially Central European. . Display. Having lived in Transylvania for centuries, the Transylvanian-Saxons no longer . The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbrger Sachsen in German) indeed have a long and storied history, and over many centuries they left an indelible mark on the region. During the 5th century ce the Saxons spread rapidly through north Germany and along the coasts of Gaul and Britain. [36] In the case of the first settlement (i.e. Gradually, the type of medieval German once spoken by these settlers, craftsmen, guardsmen, miners, and various other workers became locally known as Sksesch (i.e. This agreement preserved a considerable degree of political rights for the three aforementioned groups but excluded the largely Hungarian and Romanian peasantry from political life in the principality. Warfare between the Habsburg monarchy and Hungary against the Ottoman Empire from the 16th18th centuries decreased the population of Transylvanian Saxons. Carmen Schuster has transformed a traditional Saxon complex in the town of Cincor into guesthouses (Credit: Stephen McGrath). changed their name! Throughout Transylvania, many Saxon homes remain empty, dusty and strewn with decaying personal belongings. The Transylvanian Saxon population has been steadily decreasing since World War II as they started leaving the territory of present-day Romania en masse during and after World War II, relocating initially to Austria, then predominantly to southern Germany (especially in Bavaria). The initial phase of German settlement in Transylvania began in the mid and mid-late 12th century, with colonists travelling to and residing in what would later become known in standard German as Altland (i.e. Ergnzt durch Logik und andere Forschungsquellen, u.a. Hello all, I am wondering if you have any recommendations for any material on this language. After Sighisoara walking tour, we will head for the fortified church in the traditional Saxon village of Viscri . The colonization continued until the end of the 13th century. Nearly 150,000 Romanians have this last name. The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Sksen[6][7] or simply Soxen, singularly Sox or Soax; Transylvanian Landler: Soxn or Soxisch; Romanian: Sai ardeleni, sai transilvneni/transilvani; Hungarian: erdlyi szszok) are a people of mainly German ethnicity (and overall Germanic origin; mostly Luxembourgish) who settled in Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania, German: Siebenbrgen or Transsilvanien, Latin: Transsilvania, Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis, Medieval Latin: Trnsylvnia) in various waves, starting from the mid and mid-late 12th century until the mid 19th century. Most colonists to this area came from Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Ltzebuerg) and the Moselle River region (see for instance Medardus de Nympz, former knight and founder of the fortified village of Niemesch/Nema in Mona).[22]. I cant explain this kind of attachment, Stanciu said. This guy would be around 50% Transylvanian Saxon, right? Sighioara citadel, arguably the most authentic and best preserved medieval town in Europe. For decades, the main task of the German settlers was to defend the southeastern border of the Kingdom of Hungary. dr. Thomas Ngler", Unsere Deutsche Wurzeln/Our German Roots - Namensemantik (Deutung) der Siebenbrgisch-Schsische Familliennamen (Surnames), Map and list of Transylvanian Saxon villages, An Outline of Transsilvanian-Saxon History by Klaus Popa, MA, The History of Transylvania and the Transylvania Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gndisch, Transylvanian placenames in different languages, General forum for the Transylvanian Saxons, 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in the Transylvanian Saxon language, Visual short story about the Transylvanian Saxons (with many archive images), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxons&oldid=1141880666, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:28. VISCRI, Romania, Sept 12 (Reuters) - For many people in the Transylvanian village of Viscri in central Romania, Britain's King Charles has been a gracious and engaged neighbour. They were given special royal privileges in the Andrean Diploma in 1224 ( Der Goldene Brief der Sachsen ). wahrscheinlich im frhen Mittelalter verloren.). Transylvanian Saxon first appeared in writing in a 1666 text by Johannes Trster. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed. Hrman (German: Honigberg) Evangelical Lutheran medieval fortified church. To download a copy, please contact [email protected]. . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example, if the father was named Aelfwald . Subsequently, taking into account the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, many Transylvanian Saxons became staunch supporters of national socialism, with the Evangelical Lutheran Church losing, eventually, very much of its influence in the community as time passed by. ". Thu 1 Oct 2009 15.30 EDT. Prof. Jan de Maere: Flandrenses, Milites et Hospites" A History of Transylvania (2013) Link: K. Gndisch, "Autonomie de stri i regionalitate n Ardealul medieval, n Transilvania i saii ardeleni" n. But as the years passed, Schuster was drawn back to Cincor, where she found a very different place to the one shed left. Of the 101 people, 55 had surnames (54.4%). The Web He described the Transylvanian Saxons, who had for centuries preserved their language and customs among foreign peoples, as enlightened colonists par excellence. Its a lively event attended by throngs of locals. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Transylvanian Saxons . . Jewish Communities Beginning in 1627, Jews were granted the right to settle, at first exclusively, in Karlsburg. 'Neithausen' or 'New house' as it can be understood in Luxembourgish if divided into two words). 46. associated with Transylvanian villages - Source: sszdied database Also Transylvanian Saxons, German-speaking population that in the Middle Ages settled in Transylvania, then part of Hungary. whlen. national costumes or Schsische Trachten). Aside from the Saxon seats, there had also been two districts, namely Bistritz/Bistria and Kronstadt/Braov, which had the following territorial extent, as depicted in the maps below: Along with the Teutonic Order, other religious organizations important to the development of German communities were the Cistercian abbeys of Igrisch (Igri) in the Banat region respectively Kerz (Cra) in Fogaraschland (ara Fgraului). The legal foundation of their settlement in southern, southeastern, and northeastern Transylvania was officially stipulated within the Diploma Andreanum (German: Der Goldener Freibrief der Siebenbrger Sachsen, English: The Golden Charter of the Transylvanian Saxons, Romanian: Carta de aur a sailor transilvneni) issued by King Andrew II of Hungary which allocated them the royal land (Romanian: Pmntul criesc or Pmntul regal) under local autonomy known as Knigsboden or Fundus Regius in Latin. The similarities with Luxembourgish are both in lexical nature and grammar nature. For decades, the . The church is surrounded by walls 12 meters (40 feet) high and four meters (10 feet) thick. . In the context of medieval Transylvania, the term Saxon was used to denote a nobleman's title and not necessarily someone who was German-speaking. Schlesien - Silesia Old High German or Middle High German). Today, Romanias Saxon population is around just 12,000, most of whom are elderly. Surnames are now important in identifying individuals and families over time. aside from Luxembourg, also contemporary Netherlands and Belgium) and from modern day France as well. history. Gergely Szilvay. It is believed to have Jute origin. Most Common Romanian Surnames Salt Anglo-Saxon, English. However, throughout the passing of time, demographically, their numbers gradually dwindled and had been subsequently assimilated in the local medieval Wallachian and Moldavian cultures by the overwhelming Romanian ethnic majority. In 1945 more than 70,000 Transylvanian Saxons were apprehended by Soviet occupiers and deported to labour camps in Siberia. THE RESTORATION OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN HUNGARIAN ARISTOCRATS. All throughout this period of time, the Saxons in Transylvania served as administrators and military officers. Fortification of the towns. Before their expulsion from communist Romania by communist and securist Romanian authorities, the Transylvanian Saxons formed distinct communities in their towns and villages, where they maintained their ethnic tradition characterised by specific customs, folklore, way of life, and distinctive clothing style (i.e. The Saxons first arrived in Romanias Transylvania region in the 12th Century from areas that today constitute Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg. Such an attack would often stem from the Cumans, for example, or from the Pechenegs. Cumans, Pechenegs, Mongols, and Tatars). Glck in Leute-verwandt (persnliche Namen werden in einer Form zusammengefgt "Sohn von" oder "Anhnger von"). Das Siebenbrgenlied (i.e. Those areas pertained to the neighbouring and emerging Romanian medieval principalities of Moldavia (to the east) and Wallachia (to the south). "Transylvanian-Saxons: a very brief introduction on their history", "Saii sibieni care dein recordul la atragerea de fonduri europene", "Romnii, n Transilvania, pe urmele Prinului Charles; strinii, pe urmele tradiiilor pierdute", "Strinii ne dau bani pentru a salva patrimoniul Romniei", "Safeguarding the Saxon Heritage in Transylvania. The lowest figure indicates the approximate contemporary distribution mostly in Transylvania, central Romania, whereas the highest one applies worldwide. For centuries, the main tasks of the Transylvanian Saxons during the High Middle Ages were to protect the easternmost frontiers of the former Kingdom of Hungary against certain invading migratory Asiatic peoples, to bring more agriculture to the region, to instil Central European culture, enhance trade, and boost urbanisation and overall economic development. The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Sksen . Occupational, the second largest group of surnames, and nicknames are of mixed linguistic heritage, mainly Anglo-Saxon and Norman French, but with some Scandinavian influence as well. Meanwhile, the young couple teaches restoration skills such as traditional carpentry to local construction workers in the hope of saving traditional techniques and thus the communitys rich architectural heritage. International, Foreign, Meanings Like flowers competing for pollinators, its states outdid each other in advertising economic privileges and . Most of the churches are big enough to house villagers fleeing from invaders - sheep flocks, cow herds and family dogs included. On the history of the Transylvanian Saxons, it is very important to note what former federal German president and professor doctor Theodor Heuss (FDP) stated, namely: "their history is a piece of German history as a whole".[21]. fortified churches). Church keeper Hildegard Linzing and her family all speak in the Saxon dialect when they are at home (Credit: Stephen McGrath). . The Saxon Lutheran Church, a focal point of Saxon politics, lost 55% of its lands, and many towns lost over 50% of their private property (Gndisch 1). Each person in a family might have a different descriptive identifier and those It was used in writing to some text extent from then on, although High German was also used as a written language, and by the 19th century High German was the main written language used by Transylvanian Saxons. His actions were aimed at the political inequality within Transylvania, especially the political strength of the Saxons. In the Middle Ages, there were around 300 fortified Saxon churches in Transylvania; now only half of them still stand (Credit: Stephen McGrath). : Out of 25 ancestral surnames, 12 or 13 look German: 1) Neumann . ara Oltului in Romanian, after the German name for the Olt river, or the old land as in a word for word translation from German) or Hermannstadt Provinz, based around the picturesque well preserved medieval town of Hermannstadt, today's Sibiu. While most Transylvanian roads are heavily potholed or unpaved, the Transfgran . After all, the Saxon villages in Transylvania doubled as outposts used to defend trading routes through the countryside. Hungarians, on the other hand, supported complete unification of Transylvania by was... Jewish communities Beginning in 1627, Jews were granted the right to settle, at exclusively! Exclusively, in Karlsburg a County located in the transylvanian saxon surnames Diploma in (! 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