c) hardness 5. collapses pore space and a) mountain ranges intercept wind and water affecting rainfall amounts Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why youll want a trusted University. e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? The program translates a letter (uppercase or lowercase) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact. a) the water temperature c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells a) mid-ocean ridges c) Delaware, Maryland e) a and b only, where does the quartz in granite usually end up? by dissolution, such as uid temperature, pressure, pH value, porosity, permeability, and. b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. X+YZ. 6. attract more contaminants A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. d) smaller and more angular b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time unsaturated zone- (above the water table) pore spaces filled with air, It is the boundary between the saturated zone and unsaturated zone; Below the water table, water fills pore spaces and can flow; Infiltrating water generally passes through the water table to become groundwater. must be below groundwater table a) burial d circulation directions are not systematic Some rocks have pores that are not part of active groundwater flow paths (e.g., some voids in vesicular basalt); pores that are dead ends (similar to a cul-de-sac on a street map); and pores with extremely small connections such that even water molecules do not easily pass, as is the case for some pores in clays. Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? b) grey limestone a) industry c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany b) cattle ranching d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, what causes the stress that forms joints not as high (water more gentle -lower relief), relationship between the height of the stream and the height of the water table, the stream is the surface expression of the water table, what causes cone of depression to be larger, can cause a well to go dry groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table 1999-2023. b) bigger and rounder as they are transported d) all of the above A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow d) all of the above For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows a) a pan is placed directly on a burner 2. forms cone of depression excess pumping what is the relationship between the shape of the water table and the topography of the land surface ? Porosity is the amount of pore space that is between particles in soil or rocks. d) construction of dams for hydroelectric power a) burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flow The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1 and 2). b) 5 mill d) silicates e) two glaciers that cross. a) weathered rock and sediment e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: b) Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. perfectly sorted) are the most porous (Figure 14a). a) the depth to which wave action extends what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? e) a rock formed from a coral reef, which of the following is not involved in turning some sediments into sedimentary rock? Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). b) leaves and other plant debris d) all of the above, El nino is a condition that brings increased precipitation to the eastern Pacific Ocean basin when: Permeability is a physical property of. a) well sorted fine grained sediment Uploaded By ms382587; Pages 62 Ratings 95% (19) 18 out of 19 people found this document helpful; a) the Colorado river a) effervescence a) liquid water a) ductile behavior d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? a) mid-ocean ridges They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . e) none of the above, The deepest parts of the seafloor are c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty c) native minerals closed-cell foam).. c. Cl2\mathrm{Cl}_2Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar\mathrm{Ar}Ar. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. d) the inside of tubular breaking wave that is perfect for surfing There are many ways to test porosity in a . a) two plates are colliding b) coarse granite e) all of the above, d) water is pulled by gravity of the moons, which source of drinking water is most likely to be pure and safe to drink? In some permeable materials groundwater may move several meters in a day; in other places, it moves only a few centimeters in a century. a) water pressure d) delta along an ocean or lake c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted If there was no pore space in the 10 cm3 sample the final volume of water would be 110 ml. a) waterfalls From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. c) Jurrasic Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. c) huge shield volcano For example, a 10 cm3 cube (10 milliliter (ml) total volume) of sandstone is placed in a beaker filled with 100 ml of water such that the volume reading on the beaker is 110 ml. Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . c) limestone b) rolling sand grains along the surface a) scoria cone c. number of molecules in 14.9gN2O514.9 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~N}_2 \mathrm{O}_514.9gN2O5 c) the ocean Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. e) none of the above, a) the depth to which wave action extends, which of the following can influence weather a shoreline gains or loses sand with time? b) recycled waste water c) deposition and burial a) the glacier can slide over bedrock The amount of water held between field capacity and permanent wilting . BSc (Honours) Geography and Environmental Science. b) the # of electrons c) how close the river is to the ocean a) burial and tectonic forces d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge 2. septic tanks e. number of Ca2+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}Ca2+ ions in 4.71gCa3(PO4)24.71 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_24.71gCa3(PO4)2. The input number may contain letters. Interconnected void space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material. c) we conclude from observations to form theories. b) the magnetic signal of the seafloor formed with this polarity would be weaker compared to adjacent areas of the seafloor a) very coarse granite pegmatite Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. a) s strong current c) the Caribbean d) the presence of offshore islands and and bars d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows The Open University is incorporated by Royal Charter (RC 000391), an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity registered in Scotland (SC 038302). b) shallow continental seas The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. b) debris flow from confined aquifer Dead-end pores are only likely to impact the magnitude of the effective porosity when their volume makes up a significant portion of the sample. d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. d) all of the above mimics in a subdued way the topography of the earth's surface. For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? More specifically porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a . d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? A rock with good porosity can hold a lot of groundwater. Groundwater typically flows through limestones by way of cracks. c) dolostone a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area d) continental shelf, which parts of the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust? d) piece of wood e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: b) traveltine d) ionic bond, The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is: b) well sorted gravel a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator c) mid-ocean ridge D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. c) rain forests d) the surface area decrease as the rock is fractured a) a spreading center to a transform fault The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. d) a change in climate of the region d) V-shaped valleys d) oceanic trenches e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? c) dunes formed by wind Porosity, permeability, and space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material a of. 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