The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . During the pogrom, some 30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and taken to concentration camps. . At 1:20a.m. on 10 November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police; SiPo) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. Jews were required to pay for the cost of all damages caused by the pogrom to their residences and businesses. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the New Synagogue on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner. He also recalled Hugh Wilson, his ambassador to Germany. "[29] He received the postcard on 3 November 1938. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the, on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies., At his press conference on November 15, 1938, one week after, Despite the increasing threat faced by Jews living under Nazi rule in Germany and Austria, President Roosevelt knew that he would not be able to persuade Congress to reconsider, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. [17] The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. Did you know? SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. [46] Historian Gerhard Weinberg is quoted as saying: "Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. [6] Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,[7][8] and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Library bibliography: Kristallnacht, Teaching Materials on the Roles of Individuals, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. [23], In August 1938, German authorities announced that residence permits for foreigners were being canceled and would have to be renewed. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. lesson #6 fire safety and other resident safe, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. [6] Over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms,[41] many Jewish cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department stores were damaged, and in many cases destroyed. "Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt". [71], There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht. Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. Leadership support for Exploring Hate is provided by the Sylvia A. and Simon B. Poyta Programming Endowment to Fight Antisemitism, with additional major funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, Charlotte and David Ackert, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, and Patti Askwith Kenner. During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis implemented their so-called Final Solution to what they referred to as the Jewish problem, and carried out the systematic murder of some 6 million European Jews (along with, by some estimates, 4 million to 6 million non-Jews) in what came to be known as the Holocaust. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. Many spectators gathered on the scenes, most of them in silence. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. The entire story is told from the point of view of a cat named Benno, who lives happily on Rosenstrasse in Berlin, making the rounds from shop to shop and apartment to apartment, visiting both Jewish and non-Jewish families, all of whom love him. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. [38], Mller, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated the "most extreme measures" were to be taken against Jewish people. Soon after Adolf Hitler became Germanys chancellor in January 1933, he began instituting policies that isolated German Jews and subjected them to persecution. Many of those men were released a few months later; they and their families were encouraged to leave Germany. "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. New York: Praeger, 1990. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Find topics of interest and explore encyclopedia content related to those topics, Find articles, photos, maps, films, and more listed alphabetically, Recommended resources and topics if you have limited time to teach about the Holocaust, Explore the ID Cards to learn more about personal experiences during the Holocaust. New York: Times Books, 1989. In this lesson, students will continue this unit's historical case study by learning about a major escalation of the Nazi campaign against Jews, the violent pogroms of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938. The translation of _____ means to let (people) do (what they want)., A. laissez-faire Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. Your boots are brown. Through a series of interconnected stories, within which the same characters move in and out, the author weaves a tapestry of. In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. Members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'. Businesses have normal opening hours. World opinion thus turned sharply against the Nazi regime, with some politicians calling for war. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". BethanyMilby. Using the pretext of the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris, Goebbels urged Storm Troopers . No other story about the persecution of the Jews received such widespread and sustained attention from the American press at any other time during the Nazi era. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. TTY: 202.488.0406. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lda Baarov. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. "Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media.". The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. However, on the night of November 9, all that changed dramatically. American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. Although he knew extending the visas could raise congressional objection, the president made his position clear. This unprecedented violence against the Reichs Jews generated international outrage. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during Kristallnacht and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration . [72] The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action. I saw fashionably dressed women clapping their hands and screaming with glee, while respectable middle-class mothers held up their babies to see the 'fun'. Roosevelt replied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. The Reich confiscated any compensation claims that insurance companies paid to Jews. Long took an obstructionist role in granting visas to European Jews, and maintained this policy even when America entered World War II after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Rath died two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Another Person 3. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover, Germany. Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. [80] In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht cameand everything was changed. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, Hermann Gring, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. German education officials expelled Jewish children still attending German schools. The British government approved the Kindertransport program for refugee children. The official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Vom Rath died on November 9, 1938, two days after the shooting. [96], "Crystal Night" redirects here. Ninety-one Jews were killed and 30,000 Jewish men were taken away. Sarah Ann Gordon sees two possible reasons for this difference. [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Shot and killed Ernst Von Rath. [60], In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. It was premiered at the 1988 Berlin Jazz Festival and received rave reviews. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. 1 / 15. Omissions? On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the Los Angeles Examiner on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies.. Kristallnacht. [16] Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service. https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht. [57] Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the Sturmabteilung. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews. Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass, was supposedly a spontaneous outburst on the part of patriotic Germans following the assassination of a German Embassy official in Paris by a 17 year old Polish Jew. The day happened to coincide with the anniversary of the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an important date in the National Socialist calendar. Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of Jewish homes and hospitals. To accommodate so many new prisoners, the concentration camps at Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen were expanded. Despite widespread support, the Wagner-Rogers Bill died in Congress. info)), or the Rhm purge (German: Rhm-Putsch), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. Germans remember 1938's 'night of broken glass'. [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], hundreds of synagogues and Jewish institutions. [72] While individual Catholics and Protestants took action, the churches as a whole chose silence publicly. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. As he approached the Synagogue Prinzregentenstrasse in Berlin, pushing his hat down so he wouldnt be read more, The National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Read, Anthony. Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property. In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. [72], Martin Sasse, Nazi Party member and bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia, leading member of the Nazi German Christians, one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism, published a compendium of Martin Luther's writings shortly after the Kristallnacht; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues" and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. The Nazi Party leadership, assembled in Munich for the commemoration, chose to use the occasion as a pretext to launch a night of antisemitic excesses. [11] Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.[12]. Description November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany's assault on the Jews. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps; primarily Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen.[42]. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. News of Raths death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany, where he was celebrating the anniversary of the abortive 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. [65] Some Nazis helped Jews during the Kristallnacht. All Rights Reserved. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. Police records of the period also document a high number of rapes and of suicides in the aftermath of the violence. genocide? Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. Glass in my thoughts. (ed. He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. [66] The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. German Jews lost their right to hold a driver's license or own an automobile. Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). 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