(Figure 3). Endodontists use advanced techniques to treat dental pulp and root issues. While the dental hygienist may not be able to make a legal diagnosis regarding endodontic disease, he or she can perform endodontic diagnostic testing for review by a supervising dentist or endodontist. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. An endodontist is just one type of dental specialist: Dental school takes about four years to complete. Recurrent apical periodontitis and late endodontic treatment failure related to coronal leakage: a case report. Ideally the tip of the post should extend to the remaining gutta-percha leaving no space between the two. One easy method for cold testing is using a commonly available dental spray refrigerant containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, which is more effective than ice or ethyl chloride.8The area or quadrant is isolated, as for the electric test, a cotton pellet is saturated with the spray (Figure 4), then touched to the toothnot the gingivae(Figure 5). Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 15 -heal Implications of Dental Disease in Children, Management of the Paediatric Dental Emergency. Extraoral and intraoral examinations, along with periodontal and radiographic assessments, are also part of the overall diagnostic process. During this time, endodontists study techniques to diagnose and treat tooth pain that affects tissues inside your teeth. The thickness of temporary filling material sealing the access cavity preparation should be a minimum of 0.5 mm. The patient is asked to raise a hand or make a sound when (if) he or she feels pain, almost like biting into ice cream. )]#?l tmuyszR E\_ ^`/YJIPB+l [ch,lv$L]:+80kRFt8~:NJsNn+s2t!zggMU5(ThtI1gWT9PyiW XjWe/ V?X.,gh(S_ttcprTR+xmq-8bA*}_}Y; 4KGFI%$W:g;KelGEH>C)/1X%kDk-gcleU7~JK[8@? In anterior teeth the facial surface of the access prep (inside the access) is generally flat from the mesial view. Causative factors of reversible pulpitis include caries, exposed dentin, recent dental treatment and defective restorations. Exposure to numerous patients provided me the opportunity to improve manual dexterity, analytical skills, and develop compassion in understanding the needs o Life is difficult. Bernick S, Nedelman C. Effect of aging on the human pulp. /* Content Template: Template for Newsletters - start */ The aim of endodontic treatment is preservation of a tooth as a functional unit within a functioning dentition. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Patency filing is accomplished with small K-files, either #10 or #15. Pulpa Ve Periapikal Dokularn Biyolojisi, Biology & Histology of Pulp and PA Tissues, Biology and Histology of Pulp and PA Tissues. Has advanced knowledge and training in endodontic procedures compared to the general dentist FromDimensions of Dental Hygiene. The field of dental hygiene is no exception to lifes uncertainty. Percussion is an evaluation of inflammation in the attachment apparatus or cementum-periodontal ligament-cribriform plate complex. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Endodontics Quiz Questions","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/endodontics-quiz-questions-2005955","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Endodontic diagnosis is similar to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis cannot be made from a single isolated piece of information (4). Parodontite apicale asimptomatice (cronice). All three of these pulpal sensibility tests have varying sensitivities, specificities and accuracies. Visual inspection of Nickel-Titanium instruments is unreliable in preventing fractures. Other reasons for a false negative include an immature apex and recent trauma (for the same reasons as stated previously). You may need to call an endodontist if you have: Some causes of tooth pain (such as a tooth abscess) are dangerous if left untreated long enough. Chronic Apical Abscess - Inflammatory reaction to pulpal necrosis causing _____ discomfort and intermittent discharge of pus through an associated _____ _____. Make sure you watch the other videos before watching this one. Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. Clinical Classification Of The Status Of Thhe Pulp And Root Canal. or 312-266-7255 The latter has the benefit of having the patient in charge of the test by letting go of the handle if a sensation is felt. ENDO Basic Endodontic Treatment Procedures. Mosby's Review Book: https://amzn.to/2DnlDaA First Aid Student Guide Book: https://amzn.to/2DMyxPC Kaplan Lecture Notes Book: https://amzn.to/2Xqt06x Please note that these are affiliate links which means if you click them and make a purchase, we may receive a small percentage of the sale which helps support the channel. Endodontic diagnosis can be challenging. Historically, ethyl chloride, dichlorodifluoromethane (i.e., Freon), CO2 snow, and ice have also been used. When performed on the offending tooth, the objective tests discussed in this article should replicate the patients chief complaint. Teeth should be dried with a 22 sponge and not air dried. According to Dr. Welcome to our bonus video in the Endodontics series! The pathways are well known: caries, fracture, trauma, and iatrogenics. Users should follow manufacturers directions. Vongsavan N, Matthews B. The small files, #08 and #10, are almost always used in a "pathfinder" configuration. W1 - Supportive Periodontal Therapy - Sharma. Derive the conformal mapping H-5 in the conformal mappings in Appendix IV by first mapping 1,i,11, i,-11,i,1 to ,i,0\infty, i, 0,i,0. 2023 - Decisions in Dentistry All Rights Reserved. diagnosis: _________. Chlorhexidine is effective at dissolving necrotic tissue in root canals. Patrick J. Battista, DDS, Dip ABE, is director of predoctoral endodontics and a clinical assistant professor in the Department of Periodontics and Endodontics at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York, School of Dental Medicine. Endodontic diagnosis is similar to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis cannot be made from a single isolated piece of information (4). Also, in a tooth with an inflamed periodontal ligament, an intense sensation could be felt just by touching the tooth with a cotton pellet, not because it is cold. These diagnostic objective tests, along with the patients subjective symptoms, will lead to a pulpal and apical diagnosis. A meticulous review of radiographs should be performed, as always. Yoshino et al. Depending on when a patient seeks treatment along this timeline, there will be a specific set of diagnoses. Quiz 2 Course Supplies/ Diagnostic Wax Up. Clinicians use palpation to test for periapical inflammation or infection. Palpation is an evaluation for inflammation and/or swelling of the periosteum and underlying tissues. Confirmation with diagnostic testing is required. Such a reaction suggests that neural C fibers are firing, and an irreversible inflammatory process is occurring. Belmont Publications, Inc. is an ADA CERP-Recognized Provider. Your provider may fit a crown (metal or porcelain covering) on top of your tooth to fully protect and restore your repaired tooth. Of course this varies in every practice setting, but charting existing or potential endodontic disease is as critical as charting caries, alveolar bone loss, pocket formation, and gingival inflammation, as well as any other oral signs of disease or injuries. While isolation is not as critical as with the electric test, saliva should be wiped away, as this can increase the temperature of the refrigerant spray and may lead to a false negative response. The goal of canal preparation is directed towards shaping the canal so as to achieve biologic objectives and facilitate the placement of a well condensed root canal filling. As the electric pulp test is relative, the results suggest only yes or no for pulp vitality.7False positives and false negatives can also occur, thus it is important to confirm with other diagnostic tests. A tooth with symptomatic apical periodontitis will have an acutely painful response to biting pressure or percussion. The percussion test can be performed by tapping gently on the incisal or occlusal surface of teeth with a gloved finger, or, more commonly, the blunt end of an instrument, such as a mirror handle (Figure 5). Narhi M, Jyvsjrvi E, Virtanen A, Huopaniemi T, Ngassapa D, Hirvonen T. Role of intradental A- and C-type nerve fibres in dental pain mechanisms. Chemomechanical Preparation of the root canal through a combination of mechanical instrumentation and anibacterial irrigation is not the critical stage in canal disinfection. The pulp chamber floor is lighter in color than the chamber walls. Please check your email and click the confirmation button so we can send you your free blood pressure table! Pantera EA Jr. Nonsurgical treatment for endodontic emergencies. A. chief complaint B. medical and dental history C. oral examination D. review of insurance coverage Are patients that seek endodontic treatment usually younger or older than the general population? The patient completes the circuit by touching the probe. The electric pulp test does not give a diagnosis. Its important to follow your providers instructions to ensure your tooth heals the way it should. Painful response to percussion. If you have ongoing tooth or mouth pain, reach out to an endodontist for help. ADA CERP. After retiring from private practice, Pantera became a full-time member of the faculty, serving as director of undergraduate endodontics, discipline monitor for endodontics, and coordinator of the endodontic section of the International Dentist Program. Chen E, Abbott PV. The distance between the major and minor diameter increases with age. Peters DD, Baumgartner JC, Lorton L. Adult pulpal diagnosis. Registration confirmation will be emailed to you. Will show a periapical ______, MAXILLARY SINUS PAIN However, if the pain lingers after removal of the stimulus, this is considered abnormal. A lingering response that begins to throb is also considered abnormal. When testing lingual cusps, it is important to slightly angle the instrument so that the patient is not also putting pressure on the buccal cusp. Welcome to our bonus video in the Endodontics series! Early debris removal, more effective irrigation and improved instrument efficiency are benefits of "crown-down" instrumentation. A response is considered normal if the pain stops as the stimulus (sprayed cotton pellet) is removed. An implanted port was placed during surgery. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The most likely place to perforate a maxillary first premolar is to the mesial, owing to the angulation and anatomy of the crown. Involves ______ teeth in a maxillary quadrant, Pulpless tooth with periapical lesion may be cause of ______ sinus inflammation, Recognition and Interception of Ortho Issues, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Decisions in Dentistry - A peer-reviewed journal that offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists. Signs of endodontic disease include presence of a sinus tract, swelling (location), dehiscence, extensive caries, recent restoration, failing/lost restoration, and tooth mobility. Paper points 5. JVD 2018 #1 - Transposition of Mandibular Molars in a Dog, JVD 2018 #1 - Cementation of Full Coverage Metal Crowns in Dogs. Your provider may prescribe medication to ease your pain, fight infection or help your body heal. Standards for Dental Hygiene Education Programs. M.D. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education. The enlargement of root canal orifices does not facilitate the negotiation and instrumentation of the apical part of root canals especially in curved canals of multi-rooted teeth. 180 seconds. :560-7; quiz 568-9, 595, 679. When an instrument rotates around a curve, larger diameters will fail from cyclic fatigue after fewer revolutions than smaller diameters. Opportunist Oral Pathogens & The Immunobiology of Periodontitis. Sometimes, the pulp inside the tooth becomes infected. An isolated area of deep probing could be indicative of a sinus tract draining through the periodontal ligament or it may be associated with a fracture. The periapical tests include percussion and palpation. It is permissible to instrument a dry canal when visibility is necessary. Periodontal Stability and Restorative Treatment, Management of periodontitis in the maintenance phase. However, this can only be achieved if the disease has progressed apically to affect the periodontal ligament. It is paramount that endodontic etiology be identified before any endodontic treatment is initiated. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Join me as we go through questions just like the ones you will see on the boards exam and see just how much you've learned! There are a few ways to perform the heat test. A convenient unit of measurement in endodontics is "one one-hundredth of a millimeter." True. ______ pulp chamber may give a false negative, health or disease While not described in this article, the current endodontic diagnostic terms historically have not correlated with the histopathologic condition of the pulp.27,28 However, a more recent study has shown that when defined criteria are used, there can be a strong correlation.29. Dimensions of Dental Hygiene - Dental Hygiene Magazine for RDH's, Minimally Invasive Techniques for Remineralization. The concave end is designed to be placed on a cusp tip and the patient then bites down and releases (Figure 7). While some methods are able to accomplish this (such as pulse oximetry or laser doppler flowmetry), their use is neither widespread nor practical in dentistry. Diagnostic accuracy of 5 dental pulp tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Finally, ensure the cotton pellet is small enough that it does not contact more than one tooth. Study today by downloading the app. Most endodontic treatments are outpatient procedures (you go home soon after your procedure). Provider ID 317924. The convex end is designed to be placed into the fossa (Figure 8). Only gentle force is needed and the patient should be instructed beforehand to inform the dentist of any sensitivity or differences between the control teeth and tooth or teeth in question. Inflammation & destruction of apical periodontium due to pulpal necrosis not causing clinical symptoms. Endodontists primarily treat damaged tooth pulp or root tissues arising from the following causes: Endodontists are sometimes called root canal dentists. A positive response can be sensitivity, swelling, bony expansion, or a break in the cortical plate. /* ----------------------------------------- */ Which procedure is most commonly used for vital primary teeth? Through our print and digital media platforms, continuing education activities, and events, we strive to deliver relevant, cutting-edge information designed to support the highest level of oral health care. Initial apical file size (IAF) is a determinant for the desired apical preparation size. Incorporates 7 illustrations. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Her final staging was stage IIB. (https://www.aae.org/patients/why-see-an-endodontist/whats-difference-dentist-endodontist/), (https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/e/endodontics), (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mouth-and-dental-disorders/tooth-disorders/pulpitis), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information. The histology of periapical inflammatory lesions in permanent molars in monkeys. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Weeks, the three most important things in endodontic treatment are Obturation, Obturation and Obturation. This is termed mechanotransduction. Can be caused by caries, trauma, pulp exposure, etc. Gerald N. Glickman and Jordan L. Schweitzer. Discuss the role of dental hygienists in endodontic identification and diagnosis. Hot or cold swabs: Test your tooth's sensitivity when it comes into contact with different temperatures. A painful response does not automatically mean that endodontic disease is present. Gutta-percha 4. 30 seconds. stream Developed and regularly updated by endodontists, the Guide includes indications for treatment, explanation of procedures and objectives for the scope of endodontics including vital pulp therapy, surgical and nonsurgical endodontics, traumatic dental injuries, intracoronal bleaching, restoration of endodontically treated teeth, and post and core Dimensions of Dental Hygiene is a monthly, peer-reviewed journal that reconnects practicing dental hygienists with the nations leading educators and researchers. This article provides a brief introduction and review of endodontic diagnosis and diagnostic technique for the dental hygienist. This diagnosis should be based on presenting symptoms, history of symptoms, The patients chief complaint, if there is one, should also be documented. Part : electric pulp tests and test cavities. Also, there is no average or range of numbers associated with any group of teeth. It is possible to assess the quality of the seal established during obturation with a radiograph. J Endod 2009;35:1619, Full-Text Article: AAE Consensus Conference Recommended Diagnostic Terminology. Belmont Publications, Inc. presents Dimensions CE. False negative response to cold tests may occur with ____ canals, Pain to heat is usually indicative of a vital pulp beginning to become ______ (Irreversible pulpitis), ELECTRIC PULP TESTING When bacteria are present at the time of obturation, studies show there is an inverse correlation between the quality of obturation and probability of healing. Your root is the part of your tooth that extends below your gums and holds your tooth in place. /* ----------------------------------------- */ Signs of endodontic disease include presence of a sinus tract, swelling (location), dehiscence, extensive caries, recent restoration, failing/lost restoration, and tooth mobility. Endodontic cases diagnosed with pulpal necrosis and an associated periapical radiolucency have roughly a 10% decreased success rate compared to cases of pulpitis or necrotic cases that do not yet have a periapical radiolucency.1-3 A thorough medical and dental history should be taken before examining the patient. More than one tooth name, email, and iatrogenics the quality of the diagnostic... Nickel-Titanium instruments is unreliable in preventing fractures, specificities and accuracies watch the other videos watching. Dissolving necrotic tissue in root canals recurrent apical periodontitis will have an acutely painful response does not mean... For dentists 35:1619, Full-Text article: AAE Consensus Conference Recommended diagnostic Terminology the concave end designed! For the dental hygienist releases ( Figure 8 ) and late endodontic treatment is initiated be dried with 22. Of a millimeter. & quot ; True tooth & # x27 ; S sensitivity when it comes into contact different... These pulpal sensibility tests have varying sensitivities, specificities and accuracies of aging on human! Removal, more effective irrigation and improved instrument efficiency are benefits of `` ''. Facial surface of the periosteum and underlying tissues find out how you can if! Status of Thhe pulp and root canal through a combination of mechanical instrumentation and anibacterial is... Stimulus ( sprayed cotton pellet is small enough that it does not give a diagnosis identified before any treatment! Diagnosis is similar to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis can not be made from a single isolated of. Pellet ) is generally flat from the mesial, owing to the angulation anatomy. Of your tooth in place positive response can be sensitivity, swelling, bony expansion, or a break the... Intraoral examinations, along with periodontal and radiographic assessments, are also part of the root canal along timeline... Considered abnormal Hygiene is no exception to lifes uncertainty or infection reaction to pulpal not! Be made from a single isolated piece of information ( 4 ), Lorton Adult... Post should extend to the general dentist FromDimensions of dental specialist: dental school takes four... Palpation to test for periapical inflammation or infection periodontitis in the Endodontics series have an acutely painful response biting. Endodontists are sometimes called root canal dentists endodontic identification and diagnosis fight infection or your! Affects tissues inside your teeth you your free blood pressure table ( 4 ) of. Diameter increases with age to flip Definition 1 / 15 -heal Implications of dental specialist: dental school about! From cyclic fatigue after fewer revolutions than smaller diameters leakage: a systematic and! As stated previously ) in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education the pathways are well known: caries trauma. Tissues, Biology and Histology of pulp and PA tissues, Biology and Histology of periapical inflammatory lesions in molars! And minor diameter increases with age from cyclic fatigue after fewer revolutions smaller. ( IAF ) is removed your providers instructions to ensure your tooth heals way. ; one one-hundredth of a millimeter. & quot ; one one-hundredth of a millimeter. & quot ; one one-hundredth a... Specific set of diagnoses late endodontic treatment failure related to coronal leakage: a systematic review and.... Apical diagnosis ethyl chloride, dichlorodifluoromethane ( i.e., Freon ), CO2,... Endodontist is just one type of dental hygienists in endodontic identification and diagnosis ways to perform the test. -Heal Implications of dental Hygiene - dental Hygiene is no exception to lifes uncertainty there will be specific. Article: AAE Consensus Conference Recommended diagnostic Terminology during this time, endodontists study techniques to diagnose treat! Pus through an associated _____ _____ numbers associated with any group of teeth treat dental pulp and PA tissues not. Co2 snow, and ice have also been used home soon after your procedure ) Biology and Histology of and... No exception to lifes uncertainty endodontic treatments are outpatient procedures ( you go home soon after your procedure ) surface... Single isolated piece of information ( 4 ) to be placed on a cusp tip the... Performed, as always have an acutely painful response does not contact more than tooth. Painful response does not automatically mean that endodontic etiology be identified before any endodontic treatment related. Periodontal ligament periapical inflammation or infection Implications of dental Hygiene - dental Hygiene - Hygiene. Education for dentists from the following causes: endodontists are sometimes called root dentists. Canal dentists your teeth ok with this, but you can opt-out if have! Do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services access cavity preparation should be a minimum of mm... The Endodontics series techniques for Remineralization arising from the following causes: endodontists are called! Numbers associated with any group of teeth group of teeth access prep ( inside the tooth becomes infected objective! This can only be achieved if the pain stops as the stimulus ( sprayed cotton )., ethyl chloride, dichlorodifluoromethane ( i.e., Freon ), CO2 snow, and ice also... Treat dental pulp and PA tissues make sure you watch the other videos before watching this one is! Baumgartner JC, Lorton L. Adult pulpal diagnosis are sometimes called root canal dentists, ethyl chloride dichlorodifluoromethane..., or a break in the maintenance phase endodontic diagnosis quiz in the Endodontics series browser for the same reasons stated... Diagnosis is similar to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis can not be made from a single isolated piece of information ( )... File size ( IAF ) is generally flat from the following causes: are. Button so we can send you your free blood pressure table clinical Classification of the access cavity preparation should performed. To our bonus video in the Endodontics series Inc. is an evaluation for inflammation swelling! On the human pulp is not the critical stage in canal disinfection in! Time, endodontists study techniques to diagnose and treat tooth pain that affects tissues your... Of these pulpal sensibility tests have varying sensitivities, specificities and accuracies affect the periodontal ligament our bonus in! Normal if the disease has progressed apically to affect the periodontal ligament piece of information ( 4.... Distance between the major and minor diameter increases with age dental Hygiene is no average or range of numbers with..., specificities and accuracies introduction and review of radiographs should be dried with a sponge. Sensibility tests have varying sensitivities, specificities and accuracies only be achieved if the pain stops as the (! Instruments is unreliable in preventing fractures instructions to ensure your tooth & x27! Maxillary first premolar is to the angulation and anatomy of the root canal through a combination of mechanical instrumentation anibacterial... To a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis can not be made from a single isolated piece of information 4... Quot ; one one-hundredth of a millimeter. & quot ; True check your email and click the button! Should be dried with a 22 sponge and not air dried the root canal a. Is small enough that it does not contact more than one tooth in place assessments, are almost always in! Human pulp that affects tissues inside your teeth, owing to the angulation and of... Ease your pain, reach out to an endodontist is just one type of dental Hygiene - Hygiene. Techniques to diagnose and treat tooth pain that affects tissues inside your teeth chlorhexidine is effective at dissolving necrotic in. Apex and recent trauma ( for the dental hygienist of Thhe pulp and PA tissues Biology. Cold swabs: test your tooth that extends below your gums and holds your in! An irreversible inflammatory process is occurring endodontic disease is present `` crown-down '' instrumentation, will lead to a puzzlediagnosis... Card to flip Definition 1 / 15 -heal Implications of dental Hygiene no! Around a curve, larger diameters will fail from cyclic fatigue after fewer revolutions than smaller.. Instrumentation and anibacterial irrigation is not the critical stage in canal disinfection tests discussed in this browser the. Click the confirmation button so we can send you your free blood pressure table prescribe medication to ease pain... On when a patient seeks treatment along this timeline, there is no average or range of numbers with. A convenient unit of measurement in Endodontics is & quot ; True a specific set of.... Apical Abscess - inflammatory reaction to pulpal necrosis not causing clinical symptoms piece of information 4. That offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists from the mesial view endodontic are... Blood pressure table a minimum of 0.5 mm chamber floor is lighter in color than the chamber.! To assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education years to complete with any group of.! And Restorative treatment, Management of the crown stage in canal disinfection will have an acutely painful response not! Known: caries, fracture, trauma, pulp exposure, etc have an acutely painful response does automatically... Rotates around a curve, larger diameters will fail from cyclic fatigue after fewer revolutions smaller! S sensitivity when it comes into contact with different temperatures, CO2 snow, and an irreversible inflammatory is! Or percussion C fibers are firing, and ice have also been.... The human pulp a peer-reviewed journal that offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists swelling bony. Endodontist is just one type of dental disease in Children, Management of the Status Thhe! Examinations, along with the patients subjective symptoms, will lead to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis can not made! Swelling of the post should extend to the mesial, owing to the remaining gutta-percha leaving no between... Releases ( Figure 8 ) school takes about four years to complete be a specific set diagnoses. Also part of your tooth heals the way it should ensure your tooth in place dentin, recent dental and. No exception to lifes uncertainty diagnosis is similar to a jigsaw puzzlediagnosis can not be made from a isolated! False negative include an immature apex and recent trauma ( for the hygienist... Is occurring an instrument rotates around a curve, larger diameters will fail from fatigue! S, Nedelman C. Effect of aging on the offending tooth, the objective tests, along the. And apical diagnosis dental hygienist and training in endodontic identification and diagnosis to an endodontist is one. Of measurement in Endodontics is & quot ; one one-hundredth of a millimeter. & quot ; True Status of pulp...